乔治·惠普尔

美国医生。1878年8月28日生于新罕布什尔州阿希兰；1976年2月1日卒于纽约州罗彻斯特。惠普尔1900年毕业于耶鲁大学，1905年得到约翰斯·霍普金斯大学医学学位。他先到巴拿马运河区待了一段时间，又在约翰斯·霍普金斯大学深造并教学几年之后，于1914年到加利福尼亚大学任医学教授。1921年他到罗彻斯特大学工作，创建了罗彻斯特大学医学院，就任第一任院长，直到1953年。

基本资料

中文名：乔治·惠普尔

外文名：GeorgeHoytWhipple

国籍：美国

出生日期：1878年8月28日

逝世日期：1976年2月1日

性别：男

人物生平

GeorgeHoytWhipplewasbornonAugust28,1878,inAshland,NewHampshire,U.S.A.,thesonofDr.AshleyCooperWhippleandhiswifeFrancesHoyt.Hispaternalgrandfatherandhisfather,bothphysicians,werebornandbredinNewHampshire.

WhipplewaseducatedatAndoverAcademyandthenwenttoYaleUniversity,wherehetookhisA.B.degreein1900.SubsequentlyhewenttoJohnsHopkinsUniversity,wherehetookhisM.D.degreein1905.

In1905hewasappointedAssistantinPathologyattheJohnsHopkinsMedicalSchooland,althoughhespentayearaspathologisttotheAnconHospital,Panama,heremainedatJohnsHopkinsUniversityuntil1914,beingsuccessivelyAssistant,Instructor,AssociateandAssociateProfessorinPathology.

In1914hewasappointedProfessorofResearchMedicineattheUniversityofCaliforniaMedicalSchool,andDirectoroftheHooperFoundationforMedicalResearchatthatUniversity,beingDeanoftheMedicalSchoolduringtheyears1920and1921.In1921hewasappointedProfessorofPathologyandDeanoftheSchoolofMedicineandDentistryattheUniversityofRochester.

Whipple'smainresearcheswereconcernedwithanaemiaandthephysiologyandpathologyoftheliver.ForayearheworkedunderGeneralWilliamGorgasandDr.S.T.Darlingonanaemiacausedbyparasiticinfectionsandespeciallyonthelesionsfoundintheintestinaltractinpeoplesufferingfromtheseinfections.Healsostudiedthehistologyofthetissuesinpatientssufferingfromblackwaterfever.

WhenhewenttoJohnsHopkinsUniversityasanassistantintheDepartmentofPathology,WhippleworkedunderWilliamH.Welchonpigmentsrelatedtolivernecrosiscausedbychloroformanaesthesia,hisaimbeingtogatherinformationaboutrepairandregenerationofthelivercells.Thisproblemwasstudiedinthedog,andWhipplefoundthatthelivercellshadanalmostlimitlesspowerofregeneration.Hethenbecameinterestedinjaundice,whichisalwaysassociatedwithchloroformpoisoningandinjurytotheliver.Hestudiedtheroutebywhichthebilepigmentspassintothebloodandthusproducejaundiceofvariouspartsofthebodyandhefoundthatthelympathicsystemwasoflittleimportanceintransportingthem.Hethenstudied,bymeansofbilefistulasandothermeans,thebilepigmentsandtheirproductionoutsidetheliver,andinthisworkhecollaboratedwithC.W.Hooper.

AfterhisappointmentattheHooperFoundation,Whipplecontinuedhisworkwithbilefistulas,andsoonfoundthatabetterunderstandingoftheproductionofhaemoglobinwasneededifthemetabolismofbilepigmentswastobeunderstood.IncollaborationwithC.W.HooperandMrs.Robscheit-Robbins,hedidexperimentsonshort-termanaemiaindogsduetolossofblood,andfurtherworkwasdoneonthissubjectandondietsconsistingofliverinrelationtotheregenerationofblood.InRochester,however,hedecidedtouseanaemiasduetobloodlosswhichwereuniformlysustainedandwerelongmaintained,andtostudytheeffectsontheseofvariousfactorsindietsaddedtotherations.Thisworkshowedthatthemosteffectiveadditiontothedietswasrawliveritself.Forthisworkonthetherapeuticvalueofliverinthetreatmentofperniciousanaemiahewasawarded,togetherwithGeorgeR.MinotandWilliamP.Murphy,theNobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinein1934.

Whipplehas,inadditiontotheresearchesjustdescribed,workedontuberculosis,pancreatitis,chloroformpoisoninginanimals,themetabolismofpigmentsandiron,theconstituentsofthebile,andtheregenerationofplasmaprotein,andhehasstudiedproteinmetabolismbymeansoflysinelabelledwith14C,andalsovitaminB12labelledwith60Co,anditsdistributionandfunctionsinthebody.Hehasalsomadestudiesofthestromaofredbloodcells.

AmongthemanyhonoursanddistinctionshereceivedarehonorarydoctoratesofseveralAmericanUniversitiesaswellasoftheUniversitiesofAthensandGlasgow;thePopularScienceMonthlyGoldMedalandAnnualAwardin1930(withDr.Minot),andtheWilliamWoodGerhardGoldMedalofthePathologicalSocietyofPhiladelphia,in1934.

HeisaTrusteeoftheRockefellerFoundation.HeisalsoaCorrespondingMemberoftheAssociationofPhysiciansinViennaandoftheRoyalSocietyofPhysiciansinBudapest,andoftheEuropeanSocietyofHaematology,andaForeignCorrespondingMemberoftheBritishMedicalAssociation.HeisanHonoraryMemberofthePathologicalSocietyofGreatBritainandIreland,andoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSocietyandtheSocietyofExperimentalBiologyandMedicine.Hewas,from1936-1953,amemberoftheBoardofScientificDirectorsoftheRockefellerInstitute,amemberoftheBoardofTrusteesofthisFoundationfrom1939-1953,Vice-ChairmanofitsBoardofTrusteesfrom1953-1960,andin1960hewasappointedTrusteeEmeritus.

In1914WhipplemarriedKatherineBallWaringofCharleston,SouthCarolina.HehasonesonGeorgeHoyt(b.1917)andonedaughterBarbara(b.1921),andsevengrandchildren.

FromNobelLectures,PhysiologyorMedicine1922-1941,ElsevierPublishingCompany,Amsterdam,1965

Thisautobiography/biographywasfirstpublishedinthebookseriesLesPrixNobel.ItwaslatereditedandrepublishedinNobelLectures.Tocitethisdocument,alwaysstatethesourceasshownabove.

GeorgeH.WhipplediedonFebruary1,1976.

主要成就

他的主要研究兴趣是胆色素，这与普莱格尔及维兰德是一样的，不过他对这问题采取了第三种方向。他想，既然胆色素是血色素在体内形成的，就应当从它的形成着手，找出人体操纵血色素的方法。因此，他在1917年开始一系列的实验，他给狗放血造成贫血，然后注意观察新的血红细胞是如何形成的，他给狗饲以各种饮食，观察对血红细胞的形成有什么效用，发现肝是其中最为有效的一种食物。他这项工作为乔治·理查兹·迈诺特GeorgeRichardsMinot(1885—1950)及墨菲(WilliamParryMurphy，1892—1987)成功地治疗恶性贫血开辟了道路，因而他与此二人共同获得1934年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

罗切斯特大学作为美国最佳大学之一，在该校工作或学习过的著名学者中乔治·惠普尔这位医学和牙科学院的创始人兼院长因发现贫血病的肝脏疗法，于1934年同美国的乔治·迈诺特、威廉·P·墨菲共同获诺贝尔生理学医学奖。

乔治·惠普尔先后就读两在大名校：分别是耶鲁大学、约翰斯·霍普金斯大学，并就职于加利福尼亚大学、罗切斯特大学，还创建了罗彻斯特大学医学院，任院长