非历史专业，但在美国上过一些历史课并曾经长期混迹于历史系的社团，见过很多学术文献和非学术著作里的名词翻译，曾经也经常和历史系的老外交流（或怼人）。下面贴一个早前我的一个收集文档，大致按内容及时间顺序，列的都是那时我觉得比较有用的有关中国古代历史的词（包括人名、地名、事件、制度、宗教、典籍、官名等等），不包括直接汉语拼音的。很多词不止有一种说法。不同分区有部分重复的内容，就不删除了，有很多现在看来很低级的内容，也懒得删除了。除了人名地名称号以外，别的不一定要大写。总结的时候，词性、单复数、时态没有一定之规，具体用法也需要灵活应变了。
姓名相关
姓Surname或者Familyname氏（先秦）Secondarysurname或者Clanname（比如孔子姓是子，氏是孔）名Givenname字Courtesyname或者Style号Artname名讳Truename乳名Birthname法号Dharmaname训名Schoolname诨名Nickname避讳Tabooofnames或者NamingTaboo，并且可以解释：AnamingtabooisaChineseculturaltabooagainstcallingoutgivennamesoftherullingemperor,formeremperorsoftheongoingdynasty,one'sownancestors,orotherexaltedpeople.【例句：为了避讳，李世也被称为李，名字中的“世”字被省略。Toavoidanamingtaboo,LiShijiwasalsoknownasLiJi,wherethecharacterShiinhisnamewasomitted.】帝王及爵位相关
天命MandateofHeaven天子SonoftheHeavenlyKing谥号Posthumousname（比如汉武帝的武、晋元帝的元）庙号Templename（比如唐太宗的太宗、元世祖的世祖）年号Eraname或者Reignname（比如贞观、嘉靖、康熙）尊号Regnalname（比如武则天的则天）诏书(Imperial)Edict罪己诏EdictofIntrospection【例句：汉武帝下了罪己诏。TheEmperorWuofHanissuedanedictofintrospection.】奏章Memorialtotheemperor中央集权Centralizationofauthority龙袍PanlongRobe或者ChineseImperialDragonRobe爵位Nobilityrank皇帝Emperor。具体的皇帝，如果用谥号/庙号：Emperor谥号/庙号of朝代，比如汉武帝EmperorWuofHan，唐太宗EmperorTaizongofTang。如果用年号，就是年号+Emperor，比如康熙KangxiEmperor。不正规但比较常见的写法是直接音译，比如HanWudi，但是对于不著名的皇帝，这样写容易让人误解。王（最高统治者）King王（爵位）Prince太子CrownPrince九爵Nineordersofnobility亲王(Imperial)Prince，imperial一般会省略，比如燕王PrinceofYan。如果要加谥号，谥号跟在Prince之后，比如燕荣王PrinceRongofYan王府PrincelyEstablishments世子Designatedheir郡王Prefectural/CommanderialPrince或者PrinceofPrefecture/Commandery或者Second-degreePrince。比如任城郡王PrinceofRenchengPrefecture。如果要加谥号，谥号也跟在Prince之后，比如海陵剌王PrinceLaofHailingPrefecture。以下公侯伯子男与此类似。国公Duke郡公Prefectural/CommanderialDuke或者DukeofPrefecture/Commandery或者Second-degreeDuke县公CountyDuke或者DukeofCounty或者Third-degreeDuke侯爵Marquis伯爵Count子爵Viscount男爵Baron乡侯MarquisofDistrict西乡侯MarquisofXiDistrict亭侯MarquisofVillage汉寿亭侯MarquisofHanshouVillage世袭的Hereditary【例句：秦朝之前，一些官职是可以世袭的。BeforetheQindynasty,someofficialpositionswerehereditary.】追封Posthumousenfeoffment动词为Posthumouslycrown/name/title/grantsbxxx【例句：岳飞被追封为鄂王。YueFeiwasposthumouslygrantedPrinceofE.】封建（指周朝的分封）Enfeoffment，或见下文的分封制。动词toenfeoff或者fief。【例句：姜子牙被封到了齐国。JiangZiyawasfiefedtoQi.】封建（指“封建社会”、“封建思想”）Fengjian，然后用一句话详细解释，比如culturalelementsandideologies(usuallynegative)ofthetraditionalChinesefeudalsociety食邑Feudatoryland封禅：一般的处理方式是说Fengshan然后解释，比如atypeofceremonyheldonMountTaiwheretheemperorwouldoffersacrificestotheheavenlyking先帝theLateEmperor后宫相关
后宫Harem皇后Empress太后EmpressDowager太皇太后GrandEmpressDowager夫人Madame贵人NobelLady贵嫔NobleImperialConcubines贵姬NobleConcubine世妇HereditaryConsorts妃子统称Consort或highly-rankedimperialconcubines皇太妃ConsortDowager贵妃NobleConsort淑妃PureConsort贤妃AbleConsort德妃VirtuousConsort惠妃GraciousConsort丽妃BeautifulConsort华妃SplendidConsort昭仪LadyofBrightDeportment昭华LadyofBrightMagnificence婕妤LadyofHandsomeFairness娥LadyofGracefulBeauty荣华LadyofLovelyCountenance充服/充衣LadyofCompleteDeportment充容LadyofCompleteCountenance充媛LadyofCompleteBeauty修仪LadyofCultivatedDeportment修容LadyofCultivatedCountenance顺成LadyofHumbleCapability充华LadyofSufficientCountenance承徽LadyofInheritHonor列荣LadyofKindHonor淑媛LadyofPureBeauty淑仪LadyofPureAppearance淑容LadyofPureCountenance宝林LadyofTreasure采女LadyofElegance良娣LadyofExcellence选侍LadyofSelectedService美人Beauty良人VirtuousLady或者LadyofVirtue才人TalentedLady或者LadyofTalents中才人LadyofRegularTalents鹾人DesirableLady八子（汉朝）Consort七子（汉朝）Lady宫人PalaceWomen或者Courtier长使（汉朝）SeniorPalaceWoman少使（汉朝）JuniorPalaceWoman公主Princess，具体的公主就是Princess+称号，比如平阳公主是PrincessPingyang，文成公主是PrincessWencheng长公主Emperor'sSister太子妃CrownPrincess常在（清朝）First-Class/SeniorFemaleAttendant答应（清朝）Second-Class/JuniorFemaleAttendant官僚相关
官Bureaucratofficial吏Governmentstaff或者Lesserfunctionaries士大夫Scholar-official或者literati-bureaucrat衙门AdministrativeOffice官员或军阀的派系Clique，比如奉系军阀FengtianClique，阉党EunuchClique/WeiZhongxianClique，东林党DonglinClique（也叫DonglinSociety）文官Civilofficials武官Militaryofficials散官Prestigetitles勋官Dignities世官Hereditaryofficials流官Circulatingofficials丞相/宰相Chancellor司马ChancellorofWars（注意和州司马区别，州司马是Prefectural-leveldisciplineinspector）司徒ChancellorofMasses司空ChancellorofConstructions或者ChancellorofWorks太常卿MinisterofCeremonies卫尉卿MinisterofDefense或者MinisterofGuards光禄卿MinisterofImperialHousehold廷尉（后来的大理寺卿）MinisterofJustice宗正MinisterofRoyalClan大司农MinisterofFinance中书令SecretariatDirector中书舍人SecretariatDrafter中书门下Secretariat-Chancellery同中书门下平章事JointManagerofAffairswiththeSecretariat-Chancellery中散大夫GrandMasterofPalaceLeisure内廷InnerCourt外廷OuterCourt大理寺ImperialCourtofJustice或者TheGrandCourtofRevision鸿卢寺OfficeofForeignAffairs或者CourtofStateCeremonial光禄寺OfficeofImperialKitchen/Entertainment苑马寺ImperialPasturageOffice太常寺CourtofImperialSacrifices寺卿ChiefMinister少卿ViceMinister枢密院ChiefMilitaryCommission枢密使Commissioners-in-Chief通政司OfficeofTransmission著作局Editorialoffice转运使TransportCommissioner处置使SupervisoryCommissioner,anofficialthatarrangesanddisposesofmatters黜陟使PersonnelEvaluationCommissioner,anofficialthatevaluates,promotesordemotesotherofficials钦天监DirectorateofAstronomy钦天监监正DirectorofAstronomy国子监DirectorateofEducation/NationalAcademy国子监祭酒ChancelloroftheNationalAcademy将作院ImperialManufactoriesCommission御史台Censorate御史Censors监察御史InvestigatingCensors谏官Remonstrators言官Critics法司Judicialoffice翰林院HanlinAcademy,anorganizationinthecentralcourtwithscholarswhodiddraftingandeditingworksfortheemperor太医院ImperialAcademyofMedicine教坊司Imperialofficeofmusic东宫TheHouseofCrownPrince或者TheEasternPalaceforCrownPrince谏议大夫Supervisoryofficer光禄大夫GrandMasterofthePalace其中金紫光禄大夫在后面加withgoldensealandpurpleribbon，银青光禄大夫在后面加withsilversealandblueribbon假节：一般说Jiajie，然后解释，anofficialwithaspecialwarrant/permissiontorepresenttheemperor平章政事ChiefAdministrator参知政事AssistantAdministrator主簿Recorder或者assistantmagistrate主书Assistantdrafters主事Director/secretaryofxxxsectioninxxxministry主司Examiner或者recruiter，相当于古代政府的HR兼Concurrent，比如巡抚兼提督军务GrandCoordinatorandCncurrentSuperintendentofMilitaryAffairs外戚imperialrelativesonthematernalline或者emperor'smaternalrelatives宦官/太监eunuch奏章Memorialtotheemperor俸禄Salaryforimperialofficials钦差大臣Imperialgovernmentinspector监正Supervisorofxxxdirectorate大将军General-in-Chief偏将军Lieutenant-General前/后/左/右将军GeneraloftheVanguard/Rear/Left/Right裨Major-General中郎InnerGentleman中郎将GeneraloftheCourtGentlemen或者GeneraloftheHousehold车骑将军CheqiGeneral或者GeneralofChariotsandCavalry骠骑将军PiaoqiGeneral或者GeneralofAgileCavalry校尉Retainers千牛卫Imperialpersonalguard千牛备身Swordsmeninthepersonalguard宗人府ImperialClanCourt詹事府SupervisorateofImperialInstruction总督：明朝:SupremeCommanderof+地名;清朝:Viceroyof+地名，比如直隶总督是ViceroyofZhili，两广总督是ViceroyofGuangdongandGuangxi，两江总督是ViceroyofJuangsuandJiangxi千总Companycommanderof1000men，或者Regimentalcommander把总Commanderof400men，或者Battalioncommander都护Protector大都护GrandProtector都督Commander节度使：一般就叫Jiedushi，然后解释一下说是一种Regionalmilitarygovernor，经常会形成Warlord刺史Cishi,州的长官，解释为inspectorofaprovince/prefecture，或者provincial/prefecturalinspector/protector。【对于州的翻译，见行政区划相关，下同】州牧Zhoumu,解释为theprovincial-levelgovernor，或者provincialgovernor太守Taishou,解释为theprefectural-levelgovernor，或者prefecturaladministrator县令Xianling,解释为thecounty-levelgovernor或者countymagistrate京兆尹MayorofCapitalCity或者Metropolitangovernorofthecapitalcity考功Ratingofperformance称职Superior/Goodrating平常Adequaterating不称职Inadequaterating自陈Toconfesssb'sownfaults京察Capitalevaluation外察Outerevaluation大夫GrandOfficials三公ThreeCouncillors/Dukes太傅GrandTutor太保GrandGuard太师GrandPreceptor三孤ThreeSolitaries少傅JuniorTutor少保JuniorGuard少师JuniorPreceptor同知Vicexxx佥事Assistantxxx品秩Grade/RankintheBureaucracy升迁、右迁Promotion贬官、左迁Relegation，如果是从首都贬到地方，也可以是Banishment【例句：永贞革新失败后，刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马。AfterthefailureofYongzhenReform,LiuYuxiwasbanishedtoLangzhouandrelegatedto】正一品FirstGrade/RankOfficials从一品Sub-FirstGrade/RankOfficials正四品上UpperFourthGrade/RankOfficial正四品下LowerFourthGrade/RankOfficial从四品上UpperSub-FourthGrade/RankOfficial从四品下LowerSub-FourthGrade/RankOfficial另外官品还有一种简记法，比如正一品是1a，从一品是1b，正四品上是4a，正四品下是4a'，从四品上是4b，从四品下是4b'【例句：在清朝，工部尚书的品秩是从一品。IntheQingDynasty,theMinisterofWorkswasatthesub-firstgrade.】粮食相关
五谷FiveGrains粟/谷Foxtailmillet稻Rice麦Wheat稷/粱ChineseMaize豆Bean黍/糜Prosomillet,Hogmillet或者Whitemillet菽Soybeans房Housegrain散Loosegrain角Horngrain芒Beardgrain舆Cartgrain面粉Flour菰/Wildrice芥Chinesemustard葵Chinesemallow韭Chinesechives藿Soybeanleaf薇Wildpeas薤Chineseonion葱Springonion艾Chinesemugwort蓼Chineseknotweed荏/苏子Purpleperilla或者Shiso芜菁Turnip榛Asianhazel李Plum梅Furryplum杏Apricots或者Asianplum柰Chinesecrabapple杨梅Chinesebayberry柿子Orientalpersimmon或者Kaki或者KoreanMongo山楂Chinesehawberry桑葚Mulberry枸杞Wolfberry或者Goji荔枝Lychee枣Jujube或者Chinesedate麻Hemp棉Cotton制度相关
禅让制Abdicatingandpassingdownthethrone郡县制Administrativesystemwithprefecturesandcounties，有的地方也说成commanderiesanddistricts分封制：这个说法太多了，我觉得比较靠谱的是Feudalismsystem或者Enfeoffmentsystem。有的文章用的Tributarysystem，个人觉得不靠谱，那是藩属国而不是诸侯国。分封的诸侯国：这个说法也很多，常见的有Principality，Feudatorystate以及Vassalstate，但我比较喜欢第一个，因为后两种通常指的是欧洲那种诸侯国或者附庸国；到了战国就可以直接说State了，比如秦国就是StateQin，魏国是StateWei，卫国是StateWey诸侯本人：Feudallords宗法制：其实就是以血缘为准的嫡长子继承其余分封的制度，有人用Patriarchy这个词，但是这个词只强调了父系血统，却没有强调继承。也有用Primogeniture，但这个词更多是指嫡长子继承的现象，作为制度似乎差了点意思。我比较喜欢的处理方法是直接说Zongfasystem，然后再用一两句话解释，比如thewife'seldestsonwillinheritthelineageoftheclan,whileyoungersonsofthewifeandsonsofconcubineswillnotberegardedasrightfulsuccessorsoftheclan.Theeldestsonwillalsoinheritthenobletitleofhisfatherandmajorityshareoftheheritage.礼乐制度RitesandMusicPrincipals漕运：一般来说就是Caoyun，然后解释是groundandwatertransportationoperated/controlledbythegovernment茶马交易Tea-HorseTrading羁縻制度Jimisystem(AspecialtypeofadministrativesystemenforcedbyTangandSongdynastiesinremoteareaswherehereditarytribalrulersreceivedutiesfromthecentralcourtwhilekeepingthehighdegreeofautonomy)，和后来明朝的土司制度相似Tusisystem(土司本人有时翻译成Chieftains或者Localheadmen)，有的地方也用halter-and-bridlesystem来描述井田制Hashtag-shapedfieldsystem或者Well-likefieldsystem，但显然前一个对外国人来说更直白均田制Equal-fieldsystem察举制：这个貌似没见过专门的对应，所以就还是直接说ChaJusystem，然后加以说明，比如nominate(recommend)prospectivegovernmentofficialsbasedontheirfilialmoralityandhonesty九品中正制：记得在哪里见过它被叫做Nine-ranksystem，但是这么说了也等于没说，所以我觉得还是按照上面的处理，说拼音JiuPinZhongZhengsystem然后加说明，比如nominategovernmentofficialsbasedontheirsocialstatusinthehierarchyofninegrades三省ThreeDepartments六部SixMinistries或者SixBoards二十四司Twenty-FourBureaus中书省DepartmentofImperialSecretariats门下省DepartmentofChancellors尚书省DepartmentofImperialAffairs吏部MinistryofPersonnel户部MinistryofRevenue或者MinistryofHouseholdRegistration礼部MinistryofRites兵部MinistryofNationalDefense或者MinistryofWars刑部MinistryofJustice或者MinistryofPunishments工部MinistryofConstructions或者MinistryofWorks内阁（明）GrandSecretariat大学士（明）GrandSecretariesT内府PalaceTreasury追封Posthumousenfeoffment宵禁Curfew四民Fouroccupations（士农工商分别是gentryscholars,peasants,craftsmen以及merchants）奉朝请Peoplewhoqualifiedforimperialaudiences藩镇：一般就叫Fanzhen，然后解释一下就是各地被Jiedushi来管理（administrate）形成的localmilitiaforces募兵制ProfessionalMilitiasystem府兵制LocalMilitiasystem或者Fubingsystem辽朝南/北面官Southern/NorthernAdministration，可以解释一下，南面官一般是managingHan-relatedmatters，而北面官一般是managingKhitan-relatedmatters猛安Meng'an,theJurchenchiliarch谋克Mouke,theJurchencenturion八旗制度：EightBanners，具体的一般正xx旗是Plain，比如正红旗是PlainRedBanner，镶xx旗是Bordered，比如镶黄旗是BorderedYellowBanner行政区划相关
行政区划Administrativedivision首先是现代的：一级：省Province，自治区AutonomousRegion，特别行政区SpecialAdministrativeRegion(SAR)，直辖市(Directly-controlled)Municipality。副省级Sub-provinciallevel。二级：地级Prefectural-level，地区Prefecture，盟Leagues/Aimag。三级：县County，县级市County-level，旗Banners/Hoxu。四级：乡Township，苏木Sum。五级：村Village。古代的行政区划多半是通过层级和现代对应的，但因为层级经过多次变迁，导致同一名称的区划在不同时代的对应或许不同。比如，州在隋朝之前为一级行政区，一般翻译为Province，但在元朝之后一般视作二级行政区，一般翻译为Prefecture。唐宋时期有不同的意见，如果把道、路看做是一级政区，那么州是二级行政区，如果把道、路只看做是监察区，那么州是直辖于朝廷的。隋朝先是取消了郡，然后又把州级改名为郡级，造成了更多的翻译混乱，因此在隋唐宋期间，州翻译成Province和Prefecture的都有。秦朝的郡虽为一级行政区，但也一般对应Prefecture或Commandary。为了方便整理，以下为反向对应：Province：州（先秦、汉、魏晋南北朝；隋、唐、辽、宋、金，需联系上下文）、郡（隋，需联系上下文）、行省或布政使司（元、明、清）Circuit：道（唐、辽）、路（宋）、军（唐、五代，比如归义军、定难军、静海军）GrandProtectorate：大都护府（唐）Protectorate：都护府（汉、唐）BureauofBuddhistandTibetanAffairs：宣政院（元）RegionalMilitaryCommission：都司（明）Prefecture：（秦、汉、魏晋南北朝；隋，需联系上下文）、州（唐、辽、宋、金，需联系上下文；元、明、清）、府（辽，需联系上下文；宋、元、明、清）、军（宋，需联系上下文）、监（宋，需联系上下文）、路（元）、直隶厅（明、清）Commandary：郡（秦、汉、魏晋南北朝）、都督府（唐）、军（宋，需联系上下文）、监（宋，需联系上下文）County：县（秦以来所有朝代）、道或邑（汉）、军（辽）、散厅（明、清）、散州（清）Township：乡（秦以来所有朝代）Village：村或里（秦以来所有朝代）东晋南朝时的侨置：Migrated，比如侨置县Migratedcounty土断：lassifyingpeopleaccordingtotheirpresenthabitation科举相关
科举考试ImperialExams进士Nomineeswhopassedthehighest-levelImperialExaminations(courtexams殿试)，有地方直接说是Jinshi（复数Jinshies）并解释是Imperialexaminationgraduates，其中进士及第是distinguishedjinshies，进士出身是xxxwithjinshibackground，同进士出身是alongwithjinshibackground贡士Nomineeswhopassedthenational-levelImperialExaminations官生Officialstudents恩生Studnetsbygrace举人Recommendees/nomineeswhopassedthelocal-level(provincial-level)ImperialExaminations，也有的借用Licentiates的说法秀才/生员Scholars/Educatedpeople(qualifiedforlocal-levelImperialExaminations），也有借用Bachelor或者Postgraduates的说法童生Studentshaven'tqualifiedforthelocal-levelImperialExaminations，也有借用Undergraduates的说法八股文Eight-leggedessay乡试Provincial/Local-levelExams会试CapitalMetropolitanExams历政Probationaryservice观政Observerperiod试职Actingappointment实授Substantiveappointment刑罚相关
凌迟Deathbyathousandcuts或者就叫Lingchi然后解释是一种cruelexecution腰斩Deathbycuttingthewaist绞刑Deathbyhanging或者Strangulation车裂Deathbydismemberingthebody或者描述更直白一点tearingofftheheadandlimbsbyattachingthemtochariots大辟Deathpenalty廷杖Tingzhang,atypeofpunishmentthattheguiltyofficialwouldbespankedbywoodenplanks流放Bebanished/exiledto+地名黥/默/刺字Betattooedonthefacewithindelibleink劓Cuttingoffthecriminal'snose膑/刖Removalofthekneecap刑名Principlesoflaws五刑FivePunishments笞Beatingbyalightbamboocane杖Beatingbyalargestick徒Imprisonment炮烙Deathbytyingtoahotpillar拶（就是夹手指）Squeezingofthefingersbetweensticks斩/枭首Decapitation充军Banishtoamilitarypostasapunishment连坐implicateandpunishthecriminal'srelatives查抄/抄家Confiscationofproperties赐死Forcedsuicide八议EightDeliberations，解释一下就是Whenthese8conditionsaremet,noblesorhigh-rankingofficialshavetheprivilegeofbeingexemptedfromthepunishment.某某律一般叫做xxcode，比如唐律TangCode，开皇律KaihuangCode，永徽律YonghuiCode，大明律Grand/GreatMingCode十恶不赦之罪TheTenAbominations谋反Plottingarebellion谋大逆Plottinggreatsedition,ortryingtodestroyimperialtemplesortombs大不敬Greatirreverence,orshowingsignificantdisrespecttotheemperor先秦相关
旧石器时代Paleolithic或者OldStoneAge新石器时代Neolithic或者NewStoneAge部落联盟TribalUnion传说时代Mythicalhistory或者Legendaryhistory半信史（主要指夏和武丁之前的商，有时也指西周共和元年前的历史）Semi-legendaryhistory信史Faithfulhistory或者Testablehistory三皇五帝ThreeSovereignsandFiveLegends或者统称为LegendaryAncientSages黄帝HuangDi，HuangTi或者YellowEmperor炎帝YanDi，YanTi，YanEmperor或者FlameEmperor华夏部HuaxiaTribalUnion九黎部JiuliTribalUnion或者TribalUnionofNineLis三代GreatReignsofThreeGenerations尧天舜日GreatReignsofYaoandShun禅让制Abdicatingandpassingdownthethrone大禹Yu,theGreat夏朝Xiadynasty或者Hsiadynasty商朝Shangdynasty殷墟RuinsofYin,RelicofYin或者直接Yinxu或YinXu甲骨文Scriptsonoraclebones青铜年代BronzeAge周朝Zhoudynasty或者Choudynasty西周WesternZhou天命MandateofHeaven天子SonoftheHeavenlyKing周公旦JiDan,theDukeofZhou分封制：见前文分封的诸侯国：见前文宗法制：见前文礼乐制度RitesandMusicPrincipals周礼RitualsofZhou或者RitesofZhou成康之治GreatReignsofKingsChengandKang昭王伐楚CampaignagainstChuduringKingZhao'sReign穆天子之旅JourneyofKingMu穆天子传TaleofKingMu国人暴动Riotofpeopleinthecapitalcity或者Riotofcapitalcityresidents烽火戏诸侯WarSignalDrama或者FakeWarSignals东周EasternZhou春秋SpringandAutumnPeriod战国WarringStatesPeriod春秋五霸FiveHegemons尊王攘夷RespecttheZhoukingandhelphimtodefeatforeignbarbarians吴越争霸ContentionofWuandYue或者RivalrybetweenWuandYue战国七雄：貌似没有专门的说法，一般就是theSevenWarringStates百家争鸣HundredSchoolsofThoughts儒家Confucianism或SchoolofRu（不常用）孔子Confucius孟子Mencius荀子Xuncius或Xunzi道家Taoism或Daoism老子LaoTzu或Laozi庄子ChuangTzu或Zhuangzi无为wu-wei，解释为actionofactionless道德经TaoTeChing墨家Mohism法家Legalism名家Logicianism或者SchoolofNames阴阳家Naturalism，SchoolofNaturalists或者SchoolofYinandYang纵横家SchoolofDiplomacy小说家SchoolofMinorTalks杂家Syncretism农家Agriculturalism医家SchoolofMedicine兵家SchoolofMilitary孙子兵法TheArtofWar或者ArtofWars孙子SunTzu四书五经FourBooksandFiveClassics论语AnalectsofConfucius或者直接LunYu大学GreatLearning或者直接DaXue中庸DoctrineoftheMean或者直接ZhongYong诗经ClassicofPoetry,ClassicofSongs或者Shijing书经BookofDocuments礼记BookofRites或者ClassicofRites易经BookofChanges或者I-Ching春秋AnnalsofSpringandAutumn或者AnnalsofChunqiu六韬SixSecretTeachings商君书TheBookofLordShang管子Guanzi韩非子HanFeizi法经CanonofLaws尸子Shizi列子Liezi竹书纪年BambooAnnals战国四公子FourLordsofWarringStates，具体就是Lord+称号，比如春申君是LordChunshen食客Retainer商鞅变法ReformofShangYanginStateQin胡服骑射Ridingandshootinginnomadicdress井田制Hashtag-shapedfieldsystem或者Well-likefieldsystem，但显然前一个对外国人来说更直白都江堰DujiangyanWaterConservancyProject太傅GrandTutor太保GrandGuard太师GrandPreceptor先秦时期的国君，一般就是King(Duke)+名字或谥号+朝代/国家，比如商纣王KingZhouofShang，周武王KingWuofZhou，齐桓公DukeHuanofQi，越王勾践KingGouJianofYue秦汉相关
秦朝Qindynasty或者Chindynasty秦始皇QinShiHuangEmperor,FirstEmperorofQin,ShiHuangdi或者ShiHuangTi秦二世QinErshiEmperor或者SecondEmperorofQin兵马俑TerracottaWarriors焚书坑儒BurningofBooksandBuryingofConfucianismScholars陈胜吴广大泽乡起义DazexiangUprising郡县制Administrativesystemwithprefecturesandcounties，有的地方也说成commanderiesanddistricts灵渠LingCanal阿房宫EpangPalace封禅：一般的处理方式是说Fengshan然后解释，比如atypeofceremonyheldonMountTaiwheretheemperorwouldoffersacrificestotheheavenlyking楚汉战争Chu-HanContention西楚霸王PrinceofWesternChu汉朝Handynasty匈奴：现在一般都叫Xiongnu了，以前很多人叫他们Huns，但是这个争议比较大，因为这个词原本是指欧洲的匈人的冒顿单于ModuChanyu军臣单于GunchenChanyu东胡Donghu或者EasternHu游牧民族Nomadicpeople南蛮Southernbarbarians百越HundredYueTribes或者HundredVietTribes文景之治GreatReignsofEmperorsWenandJing七国之乱Rebellionofsevenfeudatorystates罢黜百家独尊儒术(to)promoteConfucianismandsuppressotherschoolsofthoughts史记RecordoftheGrandHistorian或者就叫Shiji二十四史The24OfficialHistoryAccounts或者The24OfficialHistories丝绸之路SilkRoad龟兹：现在一般就叫Qiuci，但比较老的文献用的是Kucha，Kutsi或者Kucina，即库车焉耆Yanqi，旧文献一般是Karachar或者Karasahr疏勒：常见的就是Shule，或者用现地名喀什Kashgar来指代月氏Yueh-Chi,Yue-Chi或者Yuezhi,或者比较老的文献上用的是Ro-Chi康居Sogdiana大宛Dayuan或Tayuan拔汗那（其实就是费尔干纳）Ferghana大夏Bactria朝鲜半岛汉四郡FourCommanderiesofHanintheKoreanPeninsula或者FourPrefecturesofHanintheKoreanPeninsula贵霜KushanEmpire安息/帕提亚帝国ParthiaEmpire大秦/罗马帝国RomanEmpire河西走廊River-westCorridor或者HexiCorridor玉门关YumenPass或者JadeGatePass，Pass也可以换成Fortress罪己诏EdictofIntrospection西域都护府（西汉）West(ern)RegionProtectorate西域长史府（东汉）West(ern)RegionChiefAdministrationBureau高句丽Goguryeo哀牢Ailao夜郎Yelang新朝Xindynasty光武中兴TheGreatReignofEmperorGuangwu造纸术Paper-makingtechnology黄巾起义YellowTurbansUprising太平道TaipingSectofTaoism吕布LyuBu，LvBu或者LuBu赤壁之战BattleofRedCliffs察举制：见前文九品中正制：见前文三公九卿ThreeCouncillors/DukesandNineMinisters/Chamberlains丞相/宰相Chancellor司马ChancellorofWars（注意和州司马区别，州司马是Prefecture-leveldisciplineinspector）司徒ChancellorofMasses司空ChancellorofConstructions或者ChancellorofWorks太常卿MinisterofCeremonies卫尉卿MinisterofDefense或者MinisterofGuards光禄卿MinisterofImperialHousehold廷尉（后来的大理寺卿）MinisterofJustice宗正MinisterofRoyalClan大司农MinisterofFinance刺史Cishi,州的长官，解释为inspectorofaprovince/prefecture，或者provincial/prefecturalinspector/protector。【对于州的翻译，见行政区划相关，下同】别驾Biejia州刺史的副官deputyprovincial/prefecturalinspector/protector州牧Mu,解释为theprovincial-levelgovernor，或者provincialgovernor太守Taishou,解释为theprefectural-levelgovernor，或者prefecturaladministrator县令Xianling,解释为thecounty-levelgovernor或者countymagistrate汉朝皇帝的叫法，举两个例子，剩下的都一样：汉高祖EmperorGaozuofHan，汉武帝EmperorWuofHan大将军General-in-chief中郎InnerGentleman中郎将Leaderofcourtgentlemen车骑将军CheqiGeneral，或者GeneralofChariotsandCavalry汉赋RhapsodypoetryofHandynasty或者就叫FuPoetry汉书BookofHan后汉书BookofLaterHan盐铁论DiscoursesonSaltandIron或者DebateonSaltandIron盐铁专营Imperialmonopolyonsaltandiron榷酒Imperialmonopolyonalcohol均输法JunshuMethod，然后解释Apolicyofconvertingtributeitemsintocommoditiesandsellingthemathighpricesintheneighboringareas平准法PingzhunMethod，然后解释Apolicyofplacingthetradeofimportantcommoditiesunderimperialcontrol金缕玉衣Ajadesuitwithgoldenwires九章算术NineChaptersofMathematics昭君出塞WangZhaojun'sMarriagetoXiongnu十常侍theTenAttendants魏晋南北朝相关
三国ThreeKingdoms六出祁山ZhugeLiang'snorthernexpeditions/campaignsagainstCaoWei竹林七贤SevenSagesintheBambooForest三国志RecordsoftheThreeKingdoms裴松之三国志注AnnotationstoRecordsoftheThreeKingdoms出师表一般就是ChushiBiao或者ChuShiBiao，偶尔有意译版Memorialongoingtothefront。前后出师表分别加Former和Later翻车keelwaterwheel晋朝Jindynasty八王之乱TheWarofEightPrinces永嘉之变DisasterofYongjia五胡乱华FivegroupsofbarbariansinvadedNorthernChina鲜卑Xianbei或者Siber（不常用）哒Hephthalite宾（犍陀罗）Gandhara十六国SixteenKingdoms或者SixteenStates(少见)祖逖北伐NorthernExpeditionsofZuTi兰亭集序PrefacetotheOrchidPavilionPoems书圣（王羲之）theMasterofChinesecalligraphy田园诗PoetryofChineseFieldsandGardens山水诗PoetryofChineseLandscapes清谈：貌似没有很好的对应，直接说Qingtan或则PureConversation，然后解释，比如apopulartypeofconversationsaboutTaoistphilosophiesinJindynasty淝水之战BattleofFeiRiver参合陂之战BattleofCanheSlope十六国具体国名，举几个例子：前秦KingdomofFormerQin，后燕KingdomofLaterYan，西凉KingdomofWesternLiang晋书BookofJin南北朝SouthernandNortherndynasties北魏NorthernWei或者TuobaWei东魏EasternWei西魏WesternWei北齐NorthernQi或者NorthernChi北周NorthernZhou或者NorthernChou南朝宋LiuSong南朝齐SouthernQi或者SouthernChi南朝梁Liangdynasty或者SouthernLiang南朝陈Chendynasty或者SouthernChen孝文帝改革TheReformofEmperorXiaowen汉化Sinicization（动词Sinicize）【例句：宇文泰是汉化的胡人。YuwenTaiisasinicizedbarbarian.】鲜卑化Xianbeilization或胡化nomadicization云冈石窟YungangGrottoes龙门石窟LongmenGrottoes鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva达摩Bodhidharma禅宗Zen净土宗PureLandBuddhism或者Amidish（但是有争议）华严宗FlowerGarlandSchool天台宗TiantaiSchool或者TendaiSchool密宗EsotericSchool法相宗FaxiangSchool，DharmaCharacteristicSchool或者EastAsianYogacara妙法莲华经LotusSutra柔然：一般就是Rouran，以前有个争议性蛮大的Avar六镇起义RiotofSixMilitaryTowns河阴之变HeyinIncident或者HeyinMassacre侯景之乱theRebellionofHouJing齐民要术EssentialTechniquesforPeople'sWelfare水经注CommentaryontheWaterClassic世说新语ANewAccountofTalesintheWorld吐谷浑TuyuhunKingdom象雄/羊同Zhang-Zhung孙波/苏毗SumPa敕勒（其实就是铁勒、高车）Tiele关陇集团theGuan-LongGroup或者Militaryclans(group)ofGuanzhongandLongxi士族Nobelclans或则Shizuclans庶族Normalclans或者Shuzuclans府兵制LocalMilitiasystem或者Fubingsystem玉树后庭花JadeTreeandBackyardFlowers南史HistoryofSouthernDynasties北史HistoryofNorthernDynasties魏书BookofWei北齐书BookofNorthernQi周书BookofZhou宋书BookofSong（注意和后面的宋史区分）齐书BookofQi（这是南朝齐的二十四史）梁书BookofLiang陈书BookofChen玉台新咏NewSongsfromtheJadeTerrace华阳国志ChroniclesofHuayang千字文ThousandCharacterClassic隋唐相关
隋朝Suidynasty开皇之治TheGreatReignofKaihuang科举考试ImperialExams大运河theGrandCanal三省ThreeDepartments六部SixMinistries或者SixBoards二十四司Twenty-FourBureaus中书省DepartmentofImperialSecretariats门下省DepartmentofChancellors尚书省DepartmentofImperialAffairs吏部MinistryofPersonnel户部MinistryofRevenue或者MinistryofHouseholdRegistration礼部MinistryofRites兵部MinistryofNationalDefense或者MinistryofWars刑部MinistryofJustice或者MinistryofPunishments工部MinistryofConstructions或者MinistryofWorks突厥Gokturks或者Tujue薛延陀Xueyantuo或者SyrTardush土门可汗BuminKhan/Qaghan达头可汗TarduKhan/Qaghan启民可汗YamiKhan/Qaghan始毕可汗ShibiKhan/Qaghan颉利可汗IlligKhan/Qaghan突利可汗TolisKhan/Qaghan(本名阿史那什AshinaShibobi)俟力可汗QilibiKhan/Qaghan(本名阿史那思摩AshinaSimo)隋朝皇帝：隋文帝EmperorWenofSui，隋炀帝EmperorYangofSui杨玄感叛乱RevoltofYangXuangan瓦岗起义WagangUprising均田制Equal-fieldsystem租庸调制一般直接是ZuyongdiaoPolicy，解释一下就是AsystemofcorveeandtaxationformedintheTangDynasty,underwhichthetaxwaspaidintheformsofgrains,corvee,ortextiles.新罗Silla百济Baekje奚Xipeople隋书BookofSui唐朝Tangdynasty玄武门之变TheXuanwuGateIncident贞观之治TheGreatReignofZhenguan昭陵六骏SixSteedsofZhaoTomb/Mausoleum高昌Gocho，Qocho，Karahoja（一般特指唐初的麴氏高昌国）或者就是Gaochang吐蕃TibetanEmpire松赞干布SongtsenGampo伦钦/大贡论Lonchen布达拉宫PotalaPalace文成公主PrincessWencheng尺尊公主Bhrikuti禄东赞GarTongtsenYulsung芒松芒赞MangsongMangtsen赤松德赞TrisongDetsen朗达玛Langdarma逻些就叫Lhasa苯教Bon莲花生大师Padmasambhava都护Protector大都护GrandProtector都督Commander单于都护府ChanyuProtectorate安北都护府An'beiProtectorate或者PacifyingNorthProtectorate安西都护府An'xiProtectorae或者PacifyingWestProtectorate安西大都护府GrandProtectorateofAn'xi北庭都护府BeitingProtectorate或者BeshbalikProtectorate北庭大都护府GrandProtectorateofBeiting池都护府MengchiProtectorate昆凌都护府KunlingProtectorate黑水都护府HeishuiProtectorate安东都护府An'dongProtectorate或者PacifyingEastProtectorate安南都护府An'nanProtectorate或者PacifyingSouthProtectorate安西四镇FourMilitaryTowns/Stations/GarrisonsofAn'xiProtectorate熊津都督府UngjinCommandery吐火罗都督府TocharianCommandery条支都督府AntiochiaCommandery碎叶Suyab别失八里Beshbalik或者Beshbaliq，其实就是庭州Tingzhou拜火教Zoroastrianism桃花石Tabgach鄂尔浑碑铭OrhunInscriptions或者OrkhonInscriptions厥特勤碑KulTiginsteles唐初十道：TenDaosofEarlyTang，道有时候也被翻译成Circuit或者Province长安东市EasternMarketofChang'an长安西市WesternMarketofChang'an大明宫DamingPalace曲江池QujiangPond或者QujiangchiLake宵禁Curfew京兆尹MayorofCapitalCity武周SecondZhoudynasty武则天EmpressWuZetian无字碑BlankMonumentofWuZetian萨珊波斯SassanianPersia倭马亚UmayyadCaliphate阿拔斯（大食）AbbassideCaliphate怛罗斯之战BattleofTalas开元盛世GreatReignofKaiyuan唐朝皇帝举例：唐太宗EmperorTaizongofTang，唐肃宗EmperorSuzongofTang。有两个特殊的，一个是唐玄宗，常见的当然是EmperorXuanzongofTang或者EmperorMingofTang，但是有个很狗血的说法是IllustriousAugust（“灿烂/杰出的帝王”），真是不知道谁最早翻译的，幸好用的人也不多，只在一些比较老的文献里见过；另一个是唐宣宗，一般需要写成Xuānzong，从而和唐玄宗区分。但是很多时候这种特殊字符很难输入，因此不少人会处理成XuanzongII，或者在后面打个括号加上EmperorXuanzongofTang(9thCentury)杨贵妃LadyYang荔枝Lychee霓裳羽衣曲TheSongofFeatheredClotheswithColorsofRainbow唐诗TangPoetry近体诗Regulatedverse律诗Eight-lineregulatedverse五/七律Five/Seven-charactereight-lineregulatedverse排律Extendedformofeight-lineregulatedverse绝句Four-lineregulatedverse或者Chinesequatrain韵律tonalmeter李白LiBai或者LiBo杜甫DuFu或者TuFu诗仙MasterofPoetry，GeniusofPoetry或者GodofPoetry诗圣SageofPoetry诗佛（王维）BuddhaofPoetry诗鬼（李贺）PhantomofPoetry或者GhostofPoetry诗骨（陈子昂）BoneofPoetry或者StandofPoetry诗杰（王勃）TheOutstandingPoet诗奴（孟郊）SlaveofPoetry或者PrisonerofPoetry诗魔（白居易）DevilofPoetry或者DemonofPoetry诗豪（刘禹锡）EliteofPoetry或者HeroofPoetry诗狂（贺知章）TheMadPoet诗瓢（唐求）TheCalabashPoet唐诗三百首ThreeHundredTangPoems一些十分著名的诗作题目的著名英文翻译：静夜思QuietNightThoughts，春怨SpringLament，蜀道难TheHardRoadtoShu，春日醉起言志WakingfromDrunkennessonaSpringDay，月下独酌DrinkingAlonebyMoonlight，春望ASpringView，秋日夔府咏怀奉寄郑监李宾客一百韵AutumnDayinKuiPrefecture，兵车行BallardofaWarChariot，相思One-Hearted，春晓SpringMorning，清来QingmingFestival，秋夕AutumnEvening，琵琶行BallardoftheBiwa，长恨歌SongofEverlastingSorrow，饮中八仙歌SongofEightImmortalsoftheWineCup，登高OntheHeight，鹿柴AHutintheDeerGrounds，茅屋为秋风所破歌SongofMyCottageUnroofedByAutumnGales，赋得古原草送别FarewellatAncientMeadowland，登乐游原AtopMountLeyou，登鹳雀楼ClimbingWhiteStorkTower，悯农ThePeasant'sLot，凉州词LiangzhouVerses，泊秦淮MooringonQinhuaiRiver，望岳MountainGazing，将进酒PleaseDrinkUp，登幽州台歌UponYouzhouVista，过故人庄PassingbyaFriend'sFarmhouse，山居秋暝LifeintheMountainsonanAutumnEvening，闻官军收河南河北UponHearingofRecoveryofHenanandHebei，江雪IntheRiver,IntheSnow，滁州西涧WestRavineinChuzhou骈文Pianwen,atypeofrhythmicalprosewithperfectparallellines古文运动Classic/AncientProseMovement日本遣唐使JapanesemissionstoImperialChina或者KentoShi开元占经TreatiseonAstrologyoftheKaiyuanEra筒车hydrolicscoopwheel曲辕犁curve-beamploughshare或者Jiangdongploughshare安禄山AnLushan或者AnnRuckshen安史之乱AnLushan'sRebellion或者An-ShiRebellion回纥汗国UighurKhanate或者UyghurKhanate汗庭Khan'sCourt药罗葛氏Yaglakarclan仆固怀恩PuguHuai'en或者PukuHuai'en怀仁可汗KutlugBilgeQaghan原名为KutlukBoyla（骨力裴罗）英武可汗BayanchurQaghan牟羽可汗BoguQaghan长寿天亲可汗ChangshouTianqinQaghan原名为TunBagaTarkhan忠贞可汗KulugQaghan奉诚可汗QutluqBilgeQaghan阿跌氏Adizclan突骑施Turgesh葛逻禄Karluks黠戛斯Kirgis或者Kyrghiz节度使：见前文藩镇：见前文募兵制：ProfessionalMilitiasystem府兵制LocalMilitiasystem或者Fubingsystem折冲府：就是ZhechongFu，然后解释一下说是府兵制下形成的一种军队编制基层编制（basic-levellocalmilitarydivision）。进一步的解释：AZhechongFuisresponsiblefortheorganizationandtrainingofsoldiers.Intimesofwar,soldiersfromitsareamightbedrafted.Thesesoldierswouldworkasfarmersinspringandsummer,andundergomilitarytraininginwinter.Theyneedtopreparetheirownweaponswhentheygotowar,buttheyareexemptfromtaxesandtheirfamilieshaveahighersocialstatus.十二卫军/十六卫军12/16divisionsofImperialGuards左/右卫大将军GrandGeneralofLeft/RightGuard左/右武卫将军GeneralofLeft/RightMartialGuard左/右骁卫中郎将DeputyGeneralofLeft/RightBraveGuard左/右监门卫长史SecretaryGeneralofLeft/RightPalaceGateGuard左/右威卫参军InspectorofLeft/RightPrestige(Mighty)Guard盐业专售SaltCommission渤海国Balhea或者Pohai南诏国NanzhaoKingdom牛李党争FactionalStrugglesbetweenNiuandLiParties(Cliques)甘露之变GanluIncident或者SweetDewIncident唐蕃会盟Tang-TibetanMeeting会昌毁佛Anti-BuddhismCampaign/PersecutionintheReignofHuichang归义军GuiyiCircuit黄巢起义HuangChao('s)Uprising旧唐书OldBookofTang新唐书NewBookofTang边塞诗PoetryofMilitaryService或者FrontierPoetry唐会要InstitutionalHistoryofTang通典ComprehensiveDocuments酉阳杂俎MiscellaneousMorselsfromYouyang大唐西域记TheGrand/GreatTangRecordontheWesternRegion给事郎SupervisingSecretary进奏院CapitalLiaisonOffice按察使SurveillanceCommissioner刺史Cishi,州的长官，解释为provincial/prefecturalgovernor。【对于州的翻译，见行政区划相关，下同】长史Zhangshi州刺史的副官，deputyprovincial/prefecturalgovernor司马Sima州刺史的副官，一般无实权，名义上掌管风纪，provincial/prefecturaldisciplineinspector唐初八史（指唐初编写的八部正史，包括晋书、隋书、南史、北史等）EightHistoriographiescompiledinearlyTangdynasty五代宋元相关
五代十国Fivedynastiesandtenkingdoms沙陀人Shatuopeople幽云十六州16Prefectures(provinces)ofYouandYun旧五代史OldHistoryoftheFiveDynasties新五代史NewHistoryoftheFiveDynasties或者HistoricalRecordsoftheFiveDynasties宋朝Songdynasty或者Sungdynasty陈桥兵变IncidentofChenqiaoStation或者TheMutinyofChenqiaoStation杯酒释兵权Dismissinggeneralsfromtheirdutiesduringabanquet路Circuit或者Lu府Prefecture或者Fu契丹Khitan辽朝Liaodynasty辽朝南/北面官Southern/NorthernAdministration，可以解释一下，南面官一般是managingHan-relatedmatters，而北面官一般是managingKhitan-relatedmatters耶律Yelu或者Yelyu阿保机Abaoji睡王（辽穆宗）TheSleepingEmperor澶渊之盟TreatyofChanyuan岁币AnnualTributes党项TangutPeople西夏WesternXia或者Xixia于阗王国KhotanKingdom黑汗KaraKhanid六谷部LiuguTribalConfederation，LiangzhoufuTibetans，或者LingchuSerkap厮国Tsongkha西州回鹘XizhouUighurs或者GaochangUighurs大理国DaliKingdom西南夷SouthwesternBarbarians唐宋八大家theEightProseMastersofTangandSong清明上河图AlongtheRiverDuringtheQingmingFestival梦溪笔谈DreamPoolEssays熙宁改革（王安石变法）ReformofXining或者WangAnshi'sReform青苗法GreenSproutsLaw保甲法一般就是Baojiasystem，解释一下就是acommunity-basedmilitia,householdregistration,andtaxmanagementsystem宋词LyricPoetry或者就说Ci豪放派Boldfaction或者Unconstrainedfaction婉约派Restrainedfaction词牌：一般直接说Cipai，然后解释，比如theformat/patternandgenreofalyricpoetrybasedontherhythmandtunes。以xxx为词牌：tothetuneofxxx词牌名经常就音译了，但一些常见的词牌名也有意译：满江红FullRiverinRed，江城子RiversideCity，西江月TheMoonontheWestRiver，木兰花MagnoliaFlower，减字木兰花ShortenedMagnoliaFlower，采桑子PluckingMulberryLeaves，如梦令LikeaDream，蝶恋花ButterflyLovesFlowers，浣溪沙Silk-washingStream，沁园春SpringinPrincessQinshui'sGarden，风入松WindbetweenPineTrees，小重山LittleHeavyMountains，水调歌头WaterMelody，虞美人LadyYu，满庭芳ScentFillstheHall，汉宫春SpringintheHanPalace，水龙吟DragonIntonationintheWater，菩萨蛮BodhisattvaHeaddress，渔家傲Fisherman'sPride，临江仙RiversideFairies，念奴娇SongofaHundredSyllables花石纲Theshippingofrarerocks女真Jurchen或者Nuchen金朝JurchenJindynasty或者Jinndynasty，在不发生混淆的情况下可以用Jindynasty完颜Wanyan猛安Meng'an,theJurchenchiliarch谋克Mouke,theJurchencenturion耶律大石西征TheExpeditionofDashi西辽QaraKhitan，KaraKhitai或者WesternLiao虎思斡耳朵（八剌沙衮）Balasagun或者Hoosihorde，斡耳朵就是Horde，大帐卡特万之战BattleofQatwan花剌子模Khwarazmiankingdom火寻花剌子模沙Khwarazmshah即花剌子模的国王靖康之变IncidentofJingkang岳家军YueFei'sArmy或者Yue'sCircuit绍兴和议theCompromiseofShaoxing海陵王PrinceofHailinginJurchenJinDynasty卫绍王PrinceShaoofWeiinJurchenJinDynasty交子Jiaozi,thepapercurrency活字印刷术MovableTypePrinting或者TypographicPrintingTechnology宋明理学Neo-Confucianism程朱理学Cheng-ZhuSchoolofRationality或者Cheng-ZhuRationalistDualism格物致知InvestigationofThings陆王心学Lu-WangSchoolofInnateKnowing或者Yangmingism知行合一IntegrationofKnowledgeandAction陈叶事功学派（永嘉学派）YongjiaSchool张载-罗钦顺-王夫之气学派TheSchoolofQi(Chi,vitallifeenergy)宋四大书FourGreatBooksofSong太平广记ExtensiveRecordsoftheTaipingEra太平御览ImperialReadingsoftheTaipingEra文苑英华FinestBlossomsintheGardenofLiterature册府元龟ArchivalPalaceastheGreatOracle或者ModelsfromtheArchives宋朝皇帝举两个例子，宋神宗EmperorShenzongofSong，宋高宗EmperorGaozongofSong，别的都是这个格式，辽金也一样五大名窑FiveGreatKilns，具体的包括汝窑Ruware、钧窑Junware、定窑Dingware、官窑Guanware和哥窑Geware宋史HistoryofSong金史HistoryofJin辽史HistoryofLiao蒙古汗国MongolKhanate蒙古帝国MongolEmpire肯特山/布尔罕山/狼居胥山KhentiiMountains斡难河OnonRiver大斡耳朵GrandHorde乃蛮部Naimans屈出律Kuchlug塔塔尔部Tatars克烈部Keraites泰赤乌部Taichiud蔑儿乞部Merkit俺巴孩汗AmbaghaiKhan王汗OngKhan或者本名Toghrul太阳汗TayangKhan扎木合Jamukha十三翼之战Battleof13Battalions孛儿只斤Borjigin成吉思汗GenghisKhan铁木真Temujin术赤Jochi察合台Chagatai窝阔台Ogedei托雷Tolui贵由Guyuk蒙哥Mongke木华黎Muqali拔都BatuKhan旭烈兀HulaguKhan速不台Subutai哲别Jebei或者Jebe阿里不哥AriqBoke忽必烈Kublai金帐汗国GoldenHordeKhanate伊尔汗国Ilkhanate察合台汗国ChagataiKhanate窝阔台汗国OgedeiKhanate忽里勒台大会（库里台大会）Kurultai或Qoriltay高丽Goryeo元朝Yuandynasty达鲁花赤Darughachi色目人Semupeople或者Colored-eyepeople汉人Hanpeopleinthenorth南人Southerners可敦Khatun蒙古帝国的皇后乃马真后ToregeneKhatun海迷失后QaimishKhatun行省：全称是行中书省BranchSecretariats，一般就叫Province宣政院BureauofBuddhismandTibetanAffairs戊戌选试ConfucianismexamsunderMongolsin1238海都之乱KaiduKublaiwar大都之变TheIncidentofKanbaliq武仁之约TheAgreementbetweenWuzongandRenzongemperors英宗改制ReformsofEmperorYingzongofYuan南坡之变Theassassinateatthesouthernhill天历之变/两都之战WaroftheTwoCapitals至正新政ReformsofEmperorShunofYuan红巾起义RedTurbansRebellion元顺帝EmperorShunofYuan元曲YuanQu,atypeofpoetrybasedontunesofmusic或者Tunepoetry元史HistoryofYuan新元史NewHistoryofYuan授时历CalendarofFixingTime或者ShoushiCalendar宋朝时的吐蕃诸部EraofFragmentationofTibet西藏法王PrinceofDharma噶当派Kadam噶举派Kagyu格鲁派Gelug萨迦派Sakya宁玛派Nyingma觉囊派Jonang仲敦巴Dromton萨迦班智达SakyaPandita八思巴Phagpa元大都Khanbaliq或者Dadu上都Xanadu或者Shangdu和林Karakorum王保保KokeTemur孛罗帖木儿BoladTemur卓里克图汗也速迭儿JorightuKhanYesüder大元通制ComprehensiveInstitutionsoftheGreatYuan奎章阁学士院PavilionoftheStarofLiterature经世大典InstitutionalCompendiumofYuan三字经ThreeCharacterClassic百家姓HundredFamilySurnames元末三史(指脱脱主编的辽宋金三部正史)ThreeHistoriographiescompiledinlateYuandynasty王祯农书WangZhen'sBookonAgriculture农桑辑要SummaryofAgriculture明清相关
明朝Mingdynasty明教Manicheism明初四大案FourMajorCasesofEarlyMingDynasty空印案Pre-stampedDocumentsCase风闻言事Impeachwithhearsay大学士GrandSecretariat捕鱼儿海之战BattleofBuirLake脱古思帖木儿TogusTemur(UskhalKhan)靖难之役IncidentofJingnan或者JingnanCampaign永乐盛世theGreatReignofYong'leEmperor永乐大典Yong'leEncyclopedia或者Yong'leCanon郑和下西洋MingtreasurevoyagesledbyZhengHe(ChengHo）仁宣之治GreatReignsofEmperorRenzongandEmperorXuanzong土木堡之变IncidentofTumuFortress或者TumuFortressCrisis夺门之变ThePalace-GateIncident(TheRestorationofEmperorYingzong)大礼仪之争TheGreatControversyofRites倭寇JapanesePirates隆庆新政ReformofLongqingEmperor张居正改革ZhangJuzheng'sReform一条鞭法Singlewhiplaw，解释一下就是ataxsystemcombiningagriculturaltax,servitudeandothertaxesintoonesingletaxleviedonaper-acrebasis俺答封贡TheInvestitureofAltanKhan或者TheSurrenderofTumodMongols万历中兴ReignofWanliEmperor万历三大征ThreeGreatMilitaryCampaignsofWanliEmperor明末三大案ThreeCasesoftheMingCourt移宫案thePalace-ShiftingCase红丸案theRedPillCase梃击案theClubHittingCase国本之争TheGreatControversyoftheCrownPrince妖书案Theincidentofdelusivebooks东林党争Factional/CliqueStrugglesofDonglinSociety北元NorthernYuan鞑靼TatarMongols瓦剌（卫拉特）OriatsMongols奴儿干都司NurganMilitaryCommission乌斯藏都司U-TsangMilitaryCommission朵干都司Do-KhamMilitaryCommission（朵干是安多Amdo和康区Kham的合成）帕木竹巴Phagmodrupa仁蚌巴Rinpungpa藏巴汗Tsangpa朝贡国TributaryStates进贡Paythetribute高丽Goryeo李氏朝鲜Joseon琉球王国RyukyuKingdom俺答汗AltanKhan蒙古左翼和右翼LeftWing/RightWingofMongols亦力把里（东察合台汗国，可以叫EasternChagataiKhanate或Moghulistan，但这个音其实就是伊犁）Ili-baliq、Illiq或者Ili，也作Ghulja叶尔羌汗国YarkandKhanate或者YarkentKhanate吐鲁番汗国TurpanKhanate土默特部Tumod哈密国KaraDel克里雅Keriya巴尔楚克Barchuk厂卫SecretpoliceagencyofMingdynasty东厂EasternDepot或者Dongchangsecretpoliceagency西厂WesternDepot或者Xichangsecretpoliceagency锦衣卫Embroidered-uniformGuards李自成起义LiZichengUprising郑成功Kosinga或者Koxinga（"国姓爷"）南明SouthernMing或者RegimesofMingLoyalistsintheSouth明史HistoryofMing明朝皇帝：常见的有两套说法，一种是年号+Emperor，一种是Emperor+庙号。比如朱元璋可以是HongwuEmperor，也可以是EmperorTaizuofMing；朱由检可以是ChongzhenEmperor，也可以是EmperorSizongofMing。宗人府ImperialClanCourt都司（都指挥使司）Regionalmilitarycommissions卫所Militarysettlements，其中卫是majormilitarysttlements,所是minormilitarysettlements五军都督府FiveChiefMilitaryCommissions班军Periodicalrotationofduties民户Civilianfamilies军户Militaryfamilies屯田Part-timefarming边Frontiers镇DefenseArea九边Nine(frontier)garrisons(alongtheGreatWall)总兵RegionalCommanders总旗PlatoonCommanders小旗SquadCommanders京营Imperialguards京师TheMetropolitanAreaofCapital(s)直隶州Independentsubprefecture交趾Jiaozhi或者Chiaochih提刑按察司ProvincialSurveillanceOffice都转运盐使司SaltDistributionCommissions市舶提举司MaritimeTradeCommissions巡检司ProvincialPoliceOffice宣慰司/安抚司/招讨司PacificationOffice承宣布政司ProvincialAdministrationOffice分守道GeneralAdministrationCircuit督册道ProvincialCensusCircuit督粮道ProvincialTaxCircuit道台CircuitIntendant农政全书TheCompleteBookofAgriculturalAffairs清朝Qingdynasty,Tsingdynasty或者Chingdynasty满族Manchus满洲Manchuria爱新觉罗AisinGioro努尔哈赤Nurhaci皇太极HongTaiji多铎PrinceDodo多尔衮Dorgon叶赫那拉YeheNara山海关ShanhaiPass林丹汗LigdanKhan铁帽子王Iron-CapPrinces八旗制度：theEightBanners，具体的一般正xx旗是Plain，比如正红旗是PlainRedBanner，镶xx旗是Bordered，比如镶黄旗是BorderedYellowBanner摊丁入亩Areformthatabolishedthepolltaxandmergeditintotheagriculturaltax内务府OfficeofImperialHousehold议政王大臣会议DeliberativeCouncilofPrincesandMinisters扬州十日TenDaysofDesperateinYangzhou，YangzhouMassacre或者Ten-dayMassacreofYangzhou（其实最常见的是第二种，第一种我在一篇非学术论文里见过一次。但我觉得第一种更好一些，因为massacre这个词比较诡异，比如美国的波士顿惨案、肯特州立大学惨案这种死了个位数人的也叫massacre，门槛貌似是死5个人左右，体现不出像扬州十日这样的大规模屠杀。扬州十日这个级别的事件应该有自己的专用名词，后面的南京大屠杀也同理，有叫NanjingMassacre，也有叫专门的名字RapeofNanjing）三藩之乱RevoltofThreeFeudatories鳌拜Oboi准噶尔汗国DzungarKhanate噶尔丹GaldanBoshugtuKhan乌兰布通之战BattleofUlanButung昭莫多之战BattleofJaoModo科布多Khobdo塔里木盆地TarimBasin塔克拉玛干沙漠TaklimakanDesert或者TaklamaganDesert和硕特汗国KhoshutKhanate或者QoshotKhanate喀尔喀蒙古Khalkha乌里雅苏台Uliastai唐努乌梁海TannuUriankhai宁古塔Nimguta赫图阿拉HetuAla康乾盛世GreatReignofKangxi,YongzhengandQianlongEmperors或者GreatReignofThreeEmperors四库全书CompleteBookCollectioninFourSections军机处GrandCouncilofState(originallyformilitaryemergencies)军机大臣MilitaryChancellor或者也有人说Shumi（其实就是枢密）驻札大臣Amban库伦办事大臣AmbanofKulun驻藏大臣ImperialResidentsinTibet伊犁将军GeneralofIli理藩院BoardfortheAdministrationofOutlyingRegions或者OfficeofMongolianandTibetanAffairs尼布楚条约TreatyofNerchinsk文字狱LiteraryInquisition汤若望JohannAdamSchallvonBell南怀仁FerdinandVerbist同文馆SchoolofCombinedLearning大小和卓之乱theRebellionofAltishahrKhojas和NiohuruHeshen避暑山庄SummerMountainResortinChengde鸦片战争theFirstOpiumWar南京条约TreatyofNanjing虎门条约TreatyoftheBogue黄埔条约TreatyofWhampoa望厦条约TreatyofWanghia割地Cede，名词Cession。比如割让青岛给德国，动词可以说CedeTsingtao/QingdaotoGermany，作为名词词组可以说thecession/cedingofTsingtaotoGermany太平天国TaipingRebellion天王（洪秀全）HeavenlyKing/Prince捻军NianRebellion湘军XiangArmy或者HunanArmy第二次鸦片战争theSecondOpiumWar北京条约TreatyofPeking或者ConventionofPeking天津条约1858TreatyofTientsin瑷珲条约TreatyofAigun中俄勘分西北界约记TreatyofTarbagatai中俄交收伊犁条约TreatyofLivadia伊犁条约TreatyofSaintPetersburg商埠Treatyports或者Tradingports租界Concessions中法战争Sino-FrenchWar中法新约Sino-FrenchTreatyofTientsin洋务运动Self-StrengtheningMovement总理衙门OfficefortheGeneralManagementofAffairsConcerningtheVariousCountries唐胥铁路KaipingCollieryTramway（开平煤矿铁路）开平煤矿KaipingMines汉阳兵工厂HanyangArsenal汉阳铁厂HanyangIronmakingPlant安庆内军械所AnqingImperialArsenal福州船政局FoochowMaweiArsenal江南机器制造总局JiangnanManufacturingBureau轮船招商局ChinaMerchantsSteamNavigationCompany上海机器织布局ShanghaiMechanicalTextileBureau天津电报总局TianjinTelegraphBureau兰州织呢局LanzhouMachineryWoolenFactory电政总局ImperialChineseTelegraphAdministration同治陕甘之变DunganRevolt洪福汗国JettiShaharKhanate戊戌变法WuxuReform或者Hundred-dayReform戊戌六君子Sixgentlemen/martyrsoftheHundredDays'Reform北洋水师BeiyangFleet甲午战争FirstSino-JapaneseWar或者WarofJiawuYear马关条约TreatyofShimonoseki三国干涉还辽TheTripleIntervention曹州巨野教案JuyeIncident义和团Boxers八国联军Eight-NationAlliance辛丑条约BoxerProtocol东南互保MutualProtectionofSoutheastChina慈禧太后EmpressDowagerCixi兴中会ReviveChinaSociety檀香山Honolulu预备立宪ConstitutionalizationMovement钦定宪法大纲PrinciplesoftheConstitution武卫军WuweiCorps广胜军GuangdongVictoriousArmy保路运动RailwayProtectionMovement辛亥革命XinhaiRevolution孙中山SunYat-Sen清代总督：Viceroyof+地名，比如直隶总督是ViceroyofZhili，两广总督是ViceroyofGuangdongandGuangxi，两江总督是ViceroyofJuangsuandJiangxi千总Companycommanderof1000men把总Commanderof400men九门提督NineGatesInfantryCommander僧格林沁SenggeRinchen清朝皇帝：一般就是年号+Emperor，比如康熙是KangxiEmperor，光绪是GuangxuEmperor。溥仪一般就叫Puyi比较多。清史稿DraftHistoryofQing小冰期LittleIceAge北洋水师学堂TianjinNavalAcademy保定军校BaodingMilitaryAcademy湖北学堂HubeiMilitaryAcademy钦定授时通考Imperial-IssuedReferencesonAgriculturalCalendars特殊人名地名相关
晚清部分重要人物的韦氏拼写，现已基本不用，但可能出现在老文献里
曾国藩TsengKuo-fan李鸿章LiHung-chang左宗棠TsoTsung-t'ang(GeneralTso)张之洞ChangChih-tung胡林翼HuLin-i丁汝昌TingJu-ch'ang冯子材FengTzu-ts'ai翁同WengT'ung-ho曾国荃TsengKuo-chüan康有为K'angYu-wei或HongYauh-waih梁启超LiangCh'i-ch'ao谭嗣同TanSsu-T'ung崇厚Ch'ung-hou盛宣怀ShengHsüan-huai张勋ChangHsün荣禄Jung-lu袁世凯YüanShih-k'ai邓世昌TengShih-Ch'ang赵尔丰ChaoErh-feng叶志超YehChih-ch'ao聂士成NiehShih-ch'eng唐景崧T'angChing-sung蔡锷TsaiO洪秀全HungHsiu-ch'üan杨秀清YangHsiu-Ch'ing冯云山FungWan-Saan可能用到的周边部族名和地名
匈奴：现在一般都叫Xiongnu了，以前很多人叫他们Huns，但是这个争议比较大，因为这个词原本是指欧洲的匈人的东胡Donghu或者EasternHu南蛮Southernbarbarians百越HundredYueTribes或者HundredVietTribes丝绸之路SilkRoad龟兹：现在一般就叫Qiuci，但比较老的文献用的是Kucha，Kutsi或者Kucina，即库车焉耆Yanqi，旧文献一般是Karachar或者Karasahr疏勒：常见的就是Shule，或者用现地名喀什Kashgar来指代月氏Yueh-Chi,Yue-Chi或者Yuezhi,或者比较老的文献上用的是Ro-Chi康居Sogdiana大宛Dayuan或Tayuan拔汗那（其实就是费尔干纳）Ferghana大夏Bactria朝鲜半岛汉四郡FourCommanderiesofHanintheKoreanPeninsula或者FourPrefecturesofHanintheKoreanPeninsula贵霜KushanEmpire安息/帕提亚帝国ParthiaEmpire大秦/罗马帝国RomanEmpire河西走廊River-westCorridor或者HexiCorridor玉门关YumenPass或者JadeGatePass，Pass也可以换成Fortress高句丽Goguryeo哀牢Ailao夜郎Yelang鲜卑Xianbei或者Siber（不常用）哒Hephthalite宾（犍陀罗）Gandhara柔然：一般就是Rouran，以前有个争议性蛮大的Avar吐谷浑TuyuhunKingdom象雄/羊同Zhang-Zhung孙波/苏毗SumPa敕勒（其实就是铁勒、高车）Tiele突厥Gokturks或者Tujue薛延陀Xueyantuo或者SyrTardush新罗Silla百济Baekje高昌Gocho，Qoho，Karahoja（一般特指唐初的麴氏高昌国）或者就是Gaochang吐蕃TibetanEmpire布达拉宫PotalaPalace安西四镇FourMilitaryTowns/Stations/GarrisonsofAn'xiProtectorate熊津都督府UngjinCommandery吐火罗都督府TocharianCommandery条支都督府AntiochiaCommandery碎叶Suyab别失八里Beshbalik或者Beshbaliq，其实就是庭州Tingzhou萨珊波斯SassanianPersia倭马亚UmayyadCaliphate阿拔斯（大食）AbbassideCaliphate怛罗斯Talas回纥汗国UighurKhanate或者UyghurKhanate突骑施Turgesh葛逻禄Karluks黠戛斯Kirgis或者Kyrghiz渤海国Balhea或者Pohai南诏国NanzhaoKingdom归义军GuiyiCircuit幽云十六州The16Prefectures(provinces)ofYouandYun党项TangutPeople西夏WesternXia或者Xixia于阗王国KhotanKingdom黑汗KaraKhanid六谷部LiuguTribalConfederation，LiangzhoufuTibetans，或者LingchuSerkap厮国Tsongkha西州回鹘XizhouUighurs或者GaochangUighurs大理国DaliKingdom西南夷SouthwesternBarbarians西辽QaraKhitan，KaraKhitai或者WesternLiao虎思斡耳朵（八剌沙衮）Balasagun或者Hoosihorde，斡耳朵就是Horde，大帐花剌子模Khwarazmiankingdom火寻花剌子模沙Khwarazmshah即花剌子模的国王蒙古汗国MongolKhanate蒙古帝国MongolEmpire肯特山/布尔罕山/狼居胥山KhentiiMountains斡难河OnonRiver大斡耳朵GrandHorde乃蛮部Naimans屈出律Kuchlug塔塔尔部Tatars克烈部Keraites泰赤乌部Taichiud蔑儿乞部Merkit元大都Khanbaliq或者Dadu上都Xanadu或者Shangdu和林Karakorum鞑靼TatarMongols瓦剌（卫拉特）OriatsMongols奴儿干都司NurganMilitaryCommission乌斯藏都司U-TsangMilitaryCommission朵干都司Do-KhamMilitaryCommission（朵干是安多Amdo和康区Kham的合成）帕木竹巴Phagmodrupa仁蚌巴Rinpungpa藏巴汗Tsangpa高丽Goryeo李氏朝鲜Joseon琉球王国RyukyuKingdom俺答汗AltanKhan蒙古左翼和右翼LeftWing/RighWingofMongols亦力把里（东察合台汗国，可以叫EasternChagataiKhanate或Moghulistan，但这个音其实就是伊犁）Ili-baliq、Illiq或者Ili，也作Ghulja叶尔羌汗国YarkandKhanate或者YarkentKhanate吐鲁番汗国TurpanKhanate土默特部Tumod哈密国KaraDel克里雅Keriya巴尔楚克Barchuk九边Nine(frontier)garrisons(alongtheGreatWall)交趾Jiaozhi或者Chiaochih山海关ShanhaiPass科布多Khobdo塔里木盆地TarimBasin塔克拉玛干沙漠TaklimakanDesert或者TaklamaganDesert和硕特汗国KhoshutKhanate或者QoshotKhanate准噶尔汗国DzungarKhanate喀尔喀蒙古Khalkha乌里雅苏台Uliastai唐努乌梁海TannuUriankhai宁古塔Nimguta赫图阿拉HetuAla黑龙江城SaghalienUla或者SakhalinUla瑷珲Aigun避暑山庄SummerMountainResortinChengde汉地十八省ChinaProper（国内目前似乎比较批判这个概念，但是在美国学术圈比较常用，并且在学术研究的语境下其实是中性的，指的是用省府县来管理的区域，区别于驻扎大臣或将军等特殊行政方式的区域）檀香山Honolulu冈仁波齐MountKailash葱岭PamirPlateau兴都库什山HindukushMountains燕然山KhangaiMountains罗布泊Lop叶尔羌/鸦儿看Yarkent或者Yarkand玉兹Juz拉达克Ladakh列城Leh那曲Nagqu普兰Burang仰吉萨尔Yengisar即英吉沙乌兹根Uzgen且末Qarqan或Qiemo若羌Ruoqiang或Karkilik乌什Uqturpan塔城Qoqek或Tacheng以下是一些早期西方人在中国胡乱起的外国地名，现在大部分已经拨乱反正了，但是在部分和近代历史地理相关的文献以及考察探险的老文献或者笔记类文献里还能看到
珠穆朗玛峰MtEverest（埃弗勒斯峰，现在还在广泛使用）乔戈里峰MtGodwinAustin（戈德文奥斯丁山）或者SavageMountain(野人山)，现在的拼写为Qokori或Chogori，或者用编号K2指代祁连山RichthofenRange（李希霍芬岭），此外祁连山的其他非拼音写法还包括SouthRange、TsilienMountains和ChilebMountains托来南山AlexanderIIIRange（亚历山大三世岭）阿尔金山UstunTagh（乌斯坦山）此外阿尔金山的其他非拼音写法还包括AltunMountains和Altyn-Tagh党河南山HumboldtChain（洪堡山脉）吐尔根达坂山RitterRange（里特尔山脉）祁漫塔格山ColumbusRange（哥伦布山脉）大通山SuessMountains（苏斯山脉）鄂拉山SemenowMountains（赛米诺山脉）木孜塔格峰（昆仑山主峰之一）PrshewalskiMountain（普尔热瓦尔斯基山）或MtEliseeReclus(雷克吕斯山)，现在的拼写为UlughMuztagh布喀达坂峰（青海最高峰）MtFerrier（费雷尔山），现在的拼写是BukadabanPeak或者BokalikTagh（博卡雷克塔格山）库木布彦山MtKreml(克里姆林山）冈扎日山（可可西里山脉主峰）KingOscarMountain（奥斯卡王山），现在的拼写是Kangzhagri希夏邦马峰Gosainthan（高僧赞峰）尕玛日岗MtJachar（雅察尔山），现在的拼写是GamariGang阿尼玛卿山SaryDangeroMountains，现在的拼写是AmneMachinMountains大连PortArthur（亚瑟港）金州湾SocietyBay（社会湾）辽宁广鹿岛ElliotIsland（艾利奥特岛）辽宁獐子岛BlondeIsland（金发岛）嵊泗列岛SaddleGroup（马鞍列岛）福建南碇岛ChapelIsland（教堂岛）汕头湾HopeBay（希望湾）大亚湾BiasBay（偏见湾）大鹏湾MirsBay（幻影湾）上川岛StJohnIsland（圣约翰岛）湛江FortBayard（白瓦特堡）海南峻壁角CapeMorne（莫恩角）海南锦母角CapeBastion（堡垒角）海南尖峰岭MtEtna（埃特纳山）
